CNC Panel Joinery Notebook

3D Printing & Imaging Woodworking Workshop
CNC Panel Joinery Notebook

I’ve been collecting clever ways of slotting flat stock together since I first read Nomadic Furniture back in 1999, well before the advent of the accessible hobby-class CNC tools that today make manufacturing parts like these pretty easy. Now, the world is full of people designing models, project enclosures, sculpture, furniture, and all kinds of other cool stuff to be assembled from parts made on laser cutters and CNC routers. I keep expecting a definitive book or website to emerge that covers the “bag of tricks” in an organized way, but so far, I haven’t found it. Maybe this article can serve as a jumping-off point. In any case, I think it’s time to share my notebook of CNC panel joinery.

In presenting this material, I want to first acknowledge my respect for the world’s established and ancient traditions of joinery. I do not for a moment imagine that any of this is fundamentally new. But I do see a need to organize this information to address the needs of the the small CNC tool operator who wants to make interlocking, self-aligning and/or demountable joints in flat stock, for instance plywood or sheet plastic. Or just to inspire her.

I may abuse some terms, without meaning to, and I am glad to be corrected by those who are in the know about traditional joinery. Generally, I have tried to use descriptive terms instead of “proper” names to avoid confusion, but here and there I may have slipped up and called a rose by some other name.

To simplify things, at first, I’m only considering joints between two panels. Also, again for the sake of simplicity, I’ve limited myself to techniques that use all-the-way-through cuts, orthogonal to the plane of the stock. For a taste of how complex this subject can become, without these limitations, and how quickly, check out Jochen Gros’s 50 Digital Wood Joints project.  Here’s a montage of teaser thumbnails to whet your appetite:

For this article, though, I’m deliberately considering a very limited case:  Two (or even just one) cut parts, no partial-depth cuts, and a cutting axis always at 90 degrees to the surface of the stock.  Even with these limitations, the possibilities are rich.

Laser vs. Rotary Cutters – The Inside Corner Problem

Hobby class laser cutters and CNC routers each have advantages and disadvantages. Laser cutters can cut much finer details because they have very small “kerf.” On the other hand, they’re more expensive and can’t do partial-depth cutting or “pocketing” like a CNC router can. They also use heat, which can burn the substrate and/or generate nasty off-gassing. On the other hand, the burning effect can be used decoratively. A CNC router can change bits and cut complex relieved surfaces, or make cuts with mitered or otherwise profiled edges. I don’t think either tool can be described as simply “better,” and, with one minor caveat, all of the techniques presented here can be used equally well with either a laser cutter or a router.

Because of its very small cutting channel, a laser cutter can produce an inside corner with a sharp angle, whereas a rotary cutter using a physical tool is limited to inside corners rounded at the cutting tool’s radius:

The laser-cut version, with its sharp 90 corners, is suitable for use in a simple edge-lap joint:

The router-cut version, however, doesn’t work. The radiused corners bump into each other and the part edges don’t line up. You can cut each slot a bit deeper, of course, and in some applications this may be OK, but doing so leaves a void in the center of the joint and concentrates stress on the radiused corners. A better solution is this:

Now the inside faces of the edge laps mate cleanly. On the other hand, the round divots are visible in the assembled joint. If that bothers you, of course, you can also do it this way, if your cutter is narrow enough:

On average, this method offers the best compromise, IMHO: The flat areas between the divots seat against each other firmly and the divots themselves are concealed inside the joint.

To simplify presentation, the joints below are presented with ideal “laser cut” inside corners. But all of them should be readily adapted to rotary cutting by using the divot method shown above.

Biasing


Many of these joints are symmetrical, and can be assembled in more than one way. The joint above, for instance, can be assembled in two different ways (four if approaches from below are allowed). Which is correct?

Often it is possible to deliberately break this symmetry so that the parts can only be assembled in one way, or at least in fewer or more obviously correct ways. Now the joint can still be assembled incorrectly, but the disfavored orientations are more obviously wrong, because the part edges no longer align.

This trick can be very handy in complex structures, particularly for kit parts, to keep end users from putting the joint together backwards. I call a joint that has its symmetry deliberately broken in this way “biased.”

Cross (“X”) Joints

Here’s a version of the basic slotted “edge lap” joint in which one side has an integral snap-lock feature. The snap hooks are accessible from the end of the joint.  Insert a small flat-blade screwdriver, pry a bit, and they can be popped loose and the joint opened again.

But move the hook and the catch away from the edges of the stock, and the snap-lock action becomes “irreversible.” Note that both pieces of stock could include both hooks and catches.  I’m only showing “one sided” snapping joints for clarity.

Replace the hook with a bulge and the snap becomes a detent: The part will “stick” in place but can be removed with sufficient force.

The detent could catch in one position, or many.

Here’s a more unusual “X” joint that uses a radial interlocking motion to seal the deal.

A biased version is also possible. Here’s  a similar joint with the symmetry broken shown disassembled (left), assembled in favored orientation (middle), and assembled in its “disfavored” orientation (right).

Locks or detents can be added to the stationary member, as shown above…

…and/or to the rotated member, as shown here. Note, in this case, that it doesn’t matter if the profile of the catch is hooked or rounded: Once the catch pops into the slot, it’ll be very hard to get out.  For the reversible version, move the slot and the catch out to the edge of the stock.

Finally, in the case of “X” joints, if one member is narrower than the other, a full-width slotted arrangement becomes possible:

Such joints may be useful especially for shelves or other upright applications where gravity can be exploited to keep the pieces engaged, and may be biased or otherwise modified like the “T” joints described below.

Tee (“T”) Joints

Here is a simple “mortise and tenon” type joint. We can split the “mortise” and “tenon” into two slots and tabs (or into as many slots and tabs as we like). If we break the symmetry of the slots and tabs, the joint becomes biased. And if we extend the tab a small distance past the thickness of the stock, we can add easily add snaps or detents that catch on the far side of the slotted part.

Fasteners in the plane of one of the pieces can now be introduced.  This captive square nut joint is seen on a number of commercial products featuring CNC-cut parts, for instance the Phlatformer vacuum former kit and several popular 3D printer kits:

This particular configuration was the subject of a nomenclature debate here on the blog not too long ago, though I don’t think any sort of consensus was achieved.  Interesting possibilities include  “captive nut joint,” “bedframe joint,” and “Pettis joint” ( which is my personal favorite, because it observes Stigler’s Law).

There are almost certainly other clever ways to incorporate metal fasteners or other bits of common hardware in this type of joinery that I haven’t seen, and/or that have not been invented, yet.

Corner (“L”) Joints

This arrangement of interlocking tabs and slots at a ninety degree angle is, of course, ancient and rudimentary.  Most people call it a “box joint.”  It, too, can be biased by breaking symmetry.

And it is just as amenable to the bolted captive-nut arrangement.

Oblique (“V”) Joints

Though the captive-nut joint doesn’t really work unless the two parts are at right angles to one another, generally the “L” joints can be pressed into service for acute or obtuse angles, as well.

The bottoms of the slots no longer index closely against the surface of the stock, but if the members are held in alignment by some other means, for example by glue or the introduction of a third panel (as shown to right), it may not matter.

An interesting variation on this method, in which the fingers are rounded, has been used by Sebastien Wierinck in his Chair model 01, as shown:

Sebastien is using pins, I believe, running longways through both sets of fingers, along the axis of each joint, which requires an out-of-plane drilling operation that is technically disallowed under our rules.  But these joints could certainly be glued.  If using glue, however, the rounded fingers, through they may look better , will limit the surface area available to the adhesive.

Coplanar (“I”) Joints

Here, for instance, is the classic “finger” joint, used to join members in the same plane for gluing.

This interlocking “bulbed” version doesn’t depend on glue for its strength in tension.  If left unglued, of course, these flat joints require some means to keep the two pieces in the same plane when the joint is in use.  Here is a variation of the “bulb” joint that allows for in-plane hinging action:

I want to call this a “Kanelba hinge,” for George S. Kanelba, of New York, whose “Cube Desk” project in the 1984 Popular Science book 67 Prizewinning Plywood Projects is the only place I’ve ever seen it.

Kanelba hinges can be daisy-chained to make “snakes.” The individual hinges, of course, can be set to “stop” at angles other than 90°.

Flexures

Though not strictly “joints,” there is a class of clever CNC tricks that meet our criteria for inclusion here (two or fewer members, all-the-way-through cuts at 90 degrees) that are designed to exploit the natural elasticity of the panel material itself to create living hinges, springs, and other dynamic flexing elements.  We have already broached the subject of integral flexures with our discussion of catches and detents, above.

This is an in-plane spring or living hinge element that is kind of like kerf-bending, but with “thru” cuts.  If not constrained to motion in the plane, such a feature will be pretty unstable.  Here’s a version more suitable for out-of-plane bending:

This is the somewhat famous Snijlab living hinge technique (which I continue to believe should be called a “sninge“), an accordion-cut pattern that allows for stable out-of-plane flexing.  It is most commonly executed in laser-cut plywood, but there’s no reason it couldn’t be cut with a CNC mill and/or in other materials, though a router-cut sninge will have to be longer to achieve the same degree of flexibility as a laser-cut version, because the router slots will have to be considerably wider.

Finally, here’s an oddball free-hanging spiral technique, courtesy of the good folks at PlasmaCAM.  The spiral is cut out of a piece of steel using a CNC plasma cutter, but the same idea could work with a laser cutter or a mill, in a different material.

Final Thoughts

This is obviously a huge area, and this post—unwieldy as it is—only just scratches the surface.   Compiling it, new variations and ideas kept occurring to me, as I suspect they will to you. The rules to the game, again, are simple: all-the-way-through cuts, 90 degrees to the surface of the stock, only one or two cut parts involved. What clever tricks have I missed? Let me know, below.

96 thoughts on “CNC Panel Joinery Notebook

  1. Halfvast Conspirator (@halfvastcnsprtr) says:

    This is tremendous! Thank you!

  2. Jake Spurlock says:

    Great post, awesome information…

  3. Tim Saylor (@tsaylor) says:

    I’ve been collecting links to projects for years that might be of interest to people reading this. It was originally projects made from one 4×8 sheet of plywood, but later on I extended it to any cnc milled or laser cut project with interesting techniques specific to the tools and materials. Check it out on my delicious tag: http://delicious.com/shabadu/onesheetofplywood

    1. Brian Doom (@briandoom) says:

      Thanks @tsaylor – this is a great list!

  4. autorob says:

    Reblogged this on headclearing.

  5. Ed Lewis (@edabot) says:

    This is a fantastic collection. Thanks a ton for putting them up.

  6. John Edgar Park says:

    This is a real treasure of a post, thanks for putting all of this together. I’m off to try some of these new (to me) techniques on the laser cutter!

  7. Jerry T says:

    Really useful stuff.

    A question on the Kanelba hinge shown. Would the ball stay in the socket if pulled?I cant tell if the 3/4 socket is enough to keep it in place. I can see a couple projects that that could be used on.

    1. Sean Ragan says:

      Hi Jerry. Thanks for your comment.

      In a Platonic universe, with absolute precision and materials that do not flex, any socket that encloses more than a half of the circumference of the ball (i.e. goes any further around than a hemicircle) should retain it. Depending on the precision and materials available to you in this real universe, I would think, generally speaking, that 3/4 of a circle would, in fact, retain the ball in the socket under reasonable loads.

      Or more succinctly: “For my money, yes.” =]

      1. Paul Elkins says:

        Layman’s translation: “Yes it would Jerry.” :)

  8. williamcoleman757 says:

    Add water jetting to the list.

  9. Brian Doom (@briandoom) says:

    Thanks so much for this. Lacking a list, I too have been resorting to converting traditional woodworking designs to CAD-compatible drawings by hand.

    I’ve been using primarily:

    1) “The Complete Japanese Joinery”

    http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0881791210/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=ghosthouse01-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0881791210

    2)
    “Japanese Carpentry: The Secrets of a Craft”

    http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/4770019785/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=ghosthouse01-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=4770019785

    and, for more kinetic projects,

    3)
    “507 Mechanical Movements: Mechanisms and Devices”
    http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B006ZJ3GLA/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=ghosthouse01-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B006ZJ3GLA

    1. Sean Ragan says:

      Dr. Doom! Good to hear from you. Thanks for these titles. I love the Mechanical Movements book, but didn’t know about the others.

      1. Brian Doom (@briandoom) says:

        おはよう!

        Looks like there’s another reprint of the 507 movements book.

        Recently I stumbled on to a few more I’d never heard of, just searching “mechanical movements” in Amazon.

        Thanks again!

    2. R.M. says:

      BrianDoom

      I’m not sure about the other books but 507 is out of copyright and available from Google Books in at:

      http://books.google.com/books?id=TFwOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=507+Mechanical+Movements&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pYiMT6qFLYPi2QXWz93QCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

      PDF format:
      http://books.google.com/books/download/507_Mechanical_Movements.pdf?id=TFwOAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3g2TncxaEcCNOBKDA5i6eyoU9W3w

      This link is for the 1881 edition but the 1868 edition is also available, as are various ebook formats for those with nooks/kindles etc…

      BoorT

  10. @woodpunk says:

    Brilliant! You’ve made my day with this – I’m off to the workshop right now to finally build the flat pack child’s desk & stool I’ve been struggling with. Thanks!

  11. geotek says:

    Thanks for the great article. Regarding the corner clearance when using a router: If your CNC router uses Mach3, you can set “corner overcut” (in profile) to true. This will automaticlly generate a tiny divot in the corner at 45 degrees. This tiny divot is hardly visible, yet allows the clearance needed for square corners.

  12. wb8nbs says:

    Good article! Many of the joinery techniques used in woodworking would be useful. I recommend vol. 1 of “Tage Frid Teaches Woodworking” as a reference. Woodworking joints are normally glued, and this usually produces a union that is stronger than the material. Mathias Wandel at woodgears.ca has done ad hoc tests of various joint configurations. Cutting with a laser though, probably always leaves a charred edge that is not glue friendly so you are left with bolting the pieces together. I would not discount using a glued dowel joint if the pieces are thick enough. You would have to drill the holes but it’s easy. Can any of the laser printers tilt the head? If so they could make a real dovetail joint which is very strong even with minimal glue.

  13. Norman DeValliere (@normnode) says:

    Brilliant post!

  14. On joining wood » Think. Make. Test. says:

    […] bookmarked because I knew that I’d be going back to it time and time again. I came upon a post featuring at least a dozen different ways to make joints for joining wood. Alright, so […]

  15. R.M. says:

    There is a wonderful collection of 50 different types of CNC cut joints available from the folks at flexiblestream.org. They even supply instructions, DXF files and various 3d formats for each of the joints in the collection. All of this under a CC license!

    Check them out at
    http://www.flexiblestream.org/Digital-Wood-Joints-001.php

    BoorT

    1. Sean Ragan says:

      Thanks, BoorT! I actually linked to this collection in the post!

      1. R.M. says:

        Sean,

        Your welcome. I’m sorry but I did not see that they were already linked. for some reason the thumbnail did not show in my other machine’s browser.

        BoorT

  16. Joinery sure to be useful on your next sheet goods enclosure - Hack a Day says:

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  17. technologie / procédé | Pearltrees says:

    […] The laser-cut version, with its sharp 90 corners, is suitable for use in a simple edge-lap joint: Because of its very small cutting channel, a laser cutter can produce an inside corner with a sharp angle, whereas a rotary cutter using a physical tool is limited to inside corners rounded at the cutting tool’s radius: Hobby class laser cutters and CNC routers each have advantages and disadvantages. MAKE | CNC Panel Joinery Notebook […]

  18. 60436 – Advanced SIS/ETB: Digital Fabrication for the Arts » CNC Joinery says:

    […] Excellent article on the Make Blog on cnc joinery, including discussions of laser-cutting vs. cnc routing (see section titled “Laser vs. Rotary Cutters – The Inside Corner Problem“), as well as wood-bending with cnc machinery (see “Flexures“). Comments (0) […]

  19. paultseng says:

    This is a great post! Love the in-depth talk about how to hide the CNC milling “downfalls” of having a round drillbit. Thanks!

  20. MAKE | Cool CNC Lounge Chair Design says:

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  21. MAKE | Cool CNC Lounge Chair Design says:

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  22. Playground84 » Différents assemblages says:

    […] de panneaux découpés à l’aide une CNC est paru sur le blog du magazine Make [source][/source]. Les particularités des différents outils de découpes sont mises en évidence. Les joints […]

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  26. More Fun with CNC | Tommy Mac Team Blog says:

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  27. Frank Hylewicz says:

    I love these constructions !
    They are great ………….. its a kind of art !

    Frank

  28. EduBots » CNC Panel Joinery Notebook says:

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  29. laser fiber says:

    Thanks for very useful article ;)

  30. MAKE | CNC Joinery Notebook – Update 1 says:

    […] stock to design 3D shapes that slot together in space. Back in April, I posted a long, rambling brain-dump from this personal file under the title “CNC Joinery Notebook.” If you pick up a copy […]

  31. Here's the thing about socks… says:

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  32. CNC joinery explorations | DMC Digital Media Collaborative says:
  33. David Lang says:

    I know it’s been a few months, but I figured I’d drop another comment just to reiterate how frickin’ awesome this post is.

    1. Sean Ragan says:

      Thanks, David! Appreciate you taking the time! =)

  34. Cindy says:

    Awesome indeed, greetings from mexico, thanks for this useful info.

  35. Steve Fine says:

    a
    Another great CNC joint is the stepped scarf joint. The steps make the scarf easy to align. Thanks for the great article.

  36. Crazy Cool Wood Joinery with CNC - CNCCookbook CNC Blog CNCCookbook CNC Blog says:

    […] In the arena of expanding your imagination about wood joinery, I loved an article over on MAKE called CNC Panel Joinery Notebook. […]

  37. Rob Mayoff says:

    You can find the design of a stronger captive hinge on page 236 of “Planiverse” by A. K. Dewdney. http://books.google.com/books?id=wIzwyzHSrL4C&pg=PA236

  38. Chuck says:

    Can anyone tell me which issue of MAKE Magazine this was featured in? I am thinking it was issue 33. It is the only issue I do not have and cannot find on shelves anywhere. I was way too broke to buy it when I saw it and literally the day afterward (when I got paid) it was off the shelves. I have come up with a few of my own joints in recent years and was super excited to see how many other, better joints were out there. A lot of which would have served me well on past projects. Thanks.

    1. Sean Michael Ragan says:

      Thanks for reading and for writing. It was, in fact, MAKE Vol 33!

  39. Patricia says:

    Thanks for the very interesting information. We have been working, since 2009 in the potential of flexibility through cutting (laser or router) linked to morphology in design (our area of interest). In this blog http://morfologiadigital.blogspot.com.ar/ you can see some of these explorations. At present we are working with our students (in industrial design) with laser cutting and flexibility, and in the research team we are combining laser cutting to other technologies and compound materials. Hope you like it. And thanks again for your information.

    1. Sean Michael Ragan says:

      Those pieces are really beautiful, and include several patterns I have not seen before. I round these up, on occasion, as new patterns come to my attention. I’ve bookmarked your page for this purpose. Thanks so much for sharing!

      1. Patricia says:

        Thanks for your comment. We have published a small book on this. After the paper edition was sold we made an ebook that can be downloaded, free of charge, from http://edicionesdelaforma.blogspot.com.ar/ It is in spanish but you can get a general idea through the pictures. It is the second post, starting from the beginning. Soon we will publish a second one, first in paper and later online. Hope you enjoy it.

  40. Making laser cut boxes - Hackalizer says:

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  42. mary wu says:

    I’ve found it very difficult to make joints that snap together based solely on the shapes you show here with no dimensions or ratios of dimensions. Can you share that info? It would also help me pick thicknesses of wood to use in laser cutting.

    1. Sean Michael Ragan says:

      I would if I had it! Dimensions and ratios of dimensions will vary with the type of material you’re cutting, the tool or tools you’re using to cut it, the tolerances with which your material was manufactured, and the tolerances with which your tool or tools are capable of cutting it, just to name a few things. Sorry I can’t be more helpful.

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  52. Leonardo Aguiar says:

    This is an awesome post! Thank you so much for this!

  53. Upstyle Industries says:

    Reblogged this on Upstyle Industries and commented:
    We love this mad collection of CNC joinery designs that was featured on Makezine.

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  55. Luis E. Rodriguez says:

    Are these joints actually available as 2d vector artwork? Or the 3d models that were made in this post?

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    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook – In any case, I think it’s time to share my notebook of CNC panel joinery. In presenting this material … Also, again for the sake of simplicity, I’ve limited myself to techniques that use all-the-way-through cuts, orthogonal to the plane of the … […]

  68. Oreck Upright Vacuum Cleaner Type Cc Bags | Cheap Vacuum Cleaners says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook – This captive square nut joint is seen on a number of commercial products featuring CNC-cut parts, for instance the Phlatformer vacuum former kit and several … or other bits of common hardware in this type of joinery that I haven’t seen, and/or that … […]

  69. Project 1 – Composite | Minh's Cove says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook     CNC Panel Joinery Notebook […]

  70. Project 1 – Prompt | The Cove says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook     CNC Panel Joinery Notebook […]

  71. Project 3: CNC Routing | The Cove says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook […]

  72. Origami Magic Rose Cube Folding Instructions | Adorable Kids Crafts says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook – In any case, I think it’s time to share my notebook of CNC panel … joinery. Generally, I have tried to use descriptive terms instead of “proper” names to avoid confusion, but here and there I may have slipped up and called a rose by some other … […]

  73. Ultimate Game Chair V3 For Sale | information says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook – In any case, I think it’s time to share my notebook of CNC panel joinery. In presenting this material … has been used by Sebastien Wierinck in his Chair model 01, as shown: Sebastien is using pins, I believe, running longways through both sets of … […]

  74. joints | robotsandwood says:

    […] 3d sketchbook […]

  75. Digital fabrication with CNC Milling – ekprayog says:

    […] CNC Panel Joinery Notebook […]

  76. Making Wood Joints With Router – Vina T Ramsey says:

    […] The ultimate machines for all kinds of woodworking joints. Make a router for perfect joint making. Cnc panel joinery notebook make make diy projects. The routercut version, however, doesn’t work. The radiused corners bump into each other and the […]

  77. Week 2 – briarpateldigitalfabrication says:

    […] 2.3k […]

  78. traiteur rabat says:

    Traiteur Rabat Regal; Traiteur de ronome au Maroc

    This is my expert

  79. Intro to Fab: Week 3 – Living hinge design – Tong Wu | 吴桐 says:

    […] inspired by “CNC Panel Joinery Notebook” by Make Magazine, I designed this special joint to connect the two pieces of wood […]

  80. Ross Rimmer says:

    I’m only a few paragraphs in, and yet (despite having completed a number of cnc projects before) found this to be really informative! Thank you

  81. Joinery Box Project | Sienci Labs says:

    […] One of the nice things about having a CNC machine is that it makes it super easy to make a lot of different types of joinery. This project shows how to make and mill out a simple box out of plywood. If you want to get some inspiration on some other designs for joining wood and other materials together, I would recommend taking a look at the Make Magazine’s CNC Panel Joinery Handbook. […]

  82. Mortise and Tenon Joints for CNC Builds – McMaker says:

    […] Michael Ragan published an excellent article on CNC Panel Joinery in Makezine that focuses on techniques that use all-the-way-through cuts, orthogonal to the plane […]

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I am descended from 5,000 generations of tool-using primates. Also, I went to college and stuff. I am a long-time contributor to MAKE magazine and makezine.com. My work has also appeared in ReadyMade, c't – Magazin für Computertechnik, and The Wall Street Journal.

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